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New York | Perspective

Women

Interviewees:
  • Julie Golia
    • Linda May Uris Director, Humanities and Social Sciences Research Library, New York Public Library
  • Meredith Mann
    • Interim Charles J. Liebman Curator of Manuscripts, New York Public Library

Women-led domestic protests—spinning bees, homespun clothing, local tea alternatives—were less prevalent in New York than in other colonies. One vivid female protester from the period is Hannah Lawrence, a young Quaker Patriot who remained in occupied New York and wrote pointed poetry under the pseudonym “Matilda.” When the British repurposed the fire-gutted ruins of Trinity Church as a socializing promenade—ripping out headstones to expand it—Lawrence wrote a sharp, indignant poem attacking the women whose elaborate gowns had necessitated the expansion and posted copies at Trinity's gates. The New York Public Library holds her handwritten poetry notebook. Her story ends in irony: during the occupation she fell in love with a British soldier billeted in her home, married him in secret against her family’s wishes, and emigrated to Canada—a reminder that these were real people inside world-changing events.

New York was cosmopolitan, mercantile, and arguably the most Loyalist of the colonies, with its merchant class bound to Britain by trade. It was among the slowest to embrace independence, acknowledging the Declaration only on July 9, 1776, after which crowds toppled the nearby gilded statue of King George III and melted it down for ammunition. Soon after, the British army captured New York City and made it its military headquarters. The city remained occupied for seven years. The state produced contrasting leaders in Alexander Hamilton and George Clinton, vivid voices like the Quaker poet Hannah Lawrence, and fluid loyalties embodied by printer James Rivington. Slavery was omnipresent in New York City as well as in rural areas of the state. Black Loyalists like Boston King self-emancipated to British-occupied New York City and faced acute uncertainty about their postwar future. Upstate, the war fractured the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, and the second Treaty of Fort Stanwix saw Americans negotiate in the posture of conquerors rather than equals.

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About

How was national independence anticipated, debated, and enacted in each of the original 13 states during the American Revolution?

How has national independence, particularly the ideas articulated in the Declaration of Independence, been remembered and invoked over the last 250 years?

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