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New Hampshire | Perspective

Women

Interviewees:
  • Eliga Gould
    • Professor of History, University of New Hampshire

New Hampshire's most notorious Revolutionary-era woman is Martha Hilton, whom Governor Benning Wentworth married in 1760. His decision to leave his entire estate to her rather than his children sparked protracted legal controversy. More broadly, women in New Hampshire operated under the doctrine of coverture but wielded practical independence as “deputy husbands,” managing households, property, and family businesses. Women tavern keepers played a particularly significant political role, since much Revolutionary debate was conducted in taverns. They were often the key brokers in local discussions about independence.

New Hampshire long lived in Massachusetts's shadow. It was ruled for decades by the Wentworth oligarchy until Governor John Wentworth fled after the Battle of Lexington and Concord. The colony drafted a new state constitution in January 1776, so when the Declaration of Independence arrived in July, it served more as confirmation than revelation. With no fighting on its own soil, many residents stayed uncommitted, and military participation ran lower than in earlier wars—though General John Stark led New Hampshire men to victory at Bennington, coining the phrase “live free or die.” The Revolution reinforced the state's enduring tradition of town-meeting, consent-of-the-governed democracy. Loyalty often tracked religion, with Anglicans favoring the Crown and the Congregationalist majority the Patriots. The Abenaki nation, the main Indigenous population in New Hampshire, sided with Britain during the Revolutionary War, believing the British to be a more reliable protector than encroaching American settlers.

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About

How was national independence anticipated, debated, and enacted in each of the original 13 states during the American Revolution?

How has national independence, particularly the ideas articulated in the Declaration of Independence, been remembered and invoked over the last 250 years?

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