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New York | Perspective

Elected officials

Interviewees:
  • Julie Golia
    • Linda May Uris Director, Humanities and Social Sciences Research Library, New York Public Library
  • Meredith Mann
    • Interim Charles J. Liebman Curator of Manuscripts, New York Public Library

Alexander Hamilton is New York's most iconic founding figure—an immigrant who arrived with nothing, witnessed the Sons of Liberty's destruction of Loyalist printer Rivington's press as an eighteen-year-old King's College student, and, despite his Patriot sympathies, drew from that experience a lifelong conviction about the dangers of unchecked popular passion and the need for constitutional guardrails. His prolific writing tested the intellectual foundations of first a new nation and then a stronger federal government. George Clinton offers a contrasting model: New York-born and deeply rooted, he simultaneously fought in the Continental Army and served as governor, guiding the state through years of contested warfare, and later became vice president of the United States. Where Hamilton quickly moved beyond New York to shape national politics, Clinton embodied the state's own identity and interests.

New York was cosmopolitan, mercantile, and arguably the most Loyalist of the colonies, with its merchant class bound to Britain by trade. It was among the slowest to embrace independence, acknowledging the Declaration only on July 9, 1776, after which crowds toppled the nearby gilded statue of King George III and melted it down for ammunition. Soon after, the British army captured New York City and made it its military headquarters. The city remained occupied for seven years. The state produced contrasting leaders in Alexander Hamilton and George Clinton, vivid voices like the Quaker poet Hannah Lawrence, and fluid loyalties embodied by printer James Rivington. Slavery was omnipresent in New York City as well as in rural areas of the state. Black Loyalists like Boston King self-emancipated to British-occupied New York City and faced acute uncertainty about their postwar future. Upstate, the war fractured the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, and the second Treaty of Fort Stanwix saw Americans negotiate in the posture of conquerors rather than equals.

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About

How was national independence anticipated, debated, and enacted in each of the original 13 states during the American Revolution?

How has national independence, particularly the ideas articulated in the Declaration of Independence, been remembered and invoked over the last 250 years?

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