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South Carolina | Perspective

Indigenous people

Interviewees:
  • Annette Guild
    • Metadata Specialist, South Carolina Historical Society

Three major nations lived in and around South Carolina at the time of the Revolution: the Catawba, who sided with the Patriots early and fought in many battles; and the Cherokee and Creek, who were more divided, with most ultimately siding with the British, though loyalty often hinged on who was believed likely to win and who could supply gunpowder and goods. South Carolina employed agents to manage these relationships. The most important, George Galphin of Silver Bluff, kept the Creek Nation largely neutral until his death in 1780.

South Carolina was among the wealthiest of the thirteen colonies and the only one where enslaved Black people formed a majority, producing an extraordinarily stratified society divided between Low Country planters and a poorer, marginalized backcountry. It moved toward independence early, building a shadow government and adopting its own constitution in March 1776, months before the Declaration arrived. During the week before the Continental Congress approved the Declaration, Patriots had repelled the British navy at the Battle of Sullivan's Island—still commemorated as Carolina Day. As in many colonies, the Revolution in South Carolina looked as much like a civil war as a war for independence. Roughly a quarter of white residents actively opposed it, and Loyalists fought neighbors at Kings Mountain and Cowpens. Few states saw more battles or greater upheaval. Elite women left a rich documentary record illuminating the complexities of their wartime lives. Throughout the war, Catawba, Cherokee, and Creek struggled with complicated diplomatic choices. In 1782, roughly 5,000 formerly enslaved South Carolinians departed with the British.

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  • Elected officials

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How was national independence anticipated, debated, and enacted in each of the original 13 states during the American Revolution?

How has national independence, particularly the ideas articulated in the Declaration of Independence, been remembered and invoked over the last 250 years?

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