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Massachusetts | Perspective

Loyalists

Interviewees:
  • Sara Martin
    • Editor in Chief, The Adams Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society
  • Kanisorn Wongsrichanalai
    • Peter Drummey Chief Historian, Massachusetts Historical Society

Massachusetts had a significant Loyalist population: Crown officials, merchants with imperial ties, and those who simply believed it wrong to oppose the mother country. One of the most poignant stories involves Lucy Flucker, daughter of a prominent Loyalist family, who married the young Patriot bookseller-turned-soldier Henry Knox. When the British evacuated Boston on March 17, 1776, Lucy's parents and siblings boarded the ships and sailed away, never to see her again. Katherine Greene Amory fled with her husband John to London in May 1775, kept a diary of her years in exile, and died there in 1777. Massachusetts's Banishment Act of 1778 barred many Loyalists from returning to their homes and confiscated their property, a human cost of the Revolution often overlooked in patriotic celebrations.

Massachusetts was the intellectual and commercial engine of colonial resistance, where a thriving print culture and a powerful merchant class made Boston the early center of opposition to British taxation. The Stamp Act, the Boston Tea Party, and the Coercive Acts led to the Battle of Lexington and Concord and the British evacuation in March 1776, which suggested that victory over the world's greatest empire was possible. When the Declaration of Independence arrived in Massachusetts, it was read from the State House balcony and ordered read in every church, though Loyalists denounced it. John Adams, the “Atlas of Independence,” shaped both the vote for separation and the model constitutions that followed. Educated women including Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren became indispensable chroniclers of the Revolutionary era, while African Americans waged a sustained campaign of freedom petitions—led by Prince Hall—that helped end slavery in the state. In 1776, the Massachusetts Council signed the Treaty of Watertown, which established a military alliance between the state and several northeastern Native nations.

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How was national independence anticipated, debated, and enacted in each of the original 13 states during the American Revolution?

How has national independence, particularly the ideas articulated in the Declaration of Independence, been remembered and invoked over the last 250 years?

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